Candle flame is repelled by magnets (and Zeeman follow-up)-----make money online

today on Applied Science we're going to

take a tour of some unusual magnetic

effects starting with this candle flame

that's deflected by a magnetic field and

ending with a hot Airstream that's even

deflected by a magnetic field this

journey begins in my last video where I

was showing that a sodium flame units

inside a magnetic field will control how

much light from a sodium lamp comes

through this is called the Zeeman effect

and someone in the comments pointed out

well you know there might be an effect

between the flame and the magnets and so

it isn't really Zeeman effect it's just

the flame being affected by the magnet

not really this light absorption and so

I wanted a test it of course and

searched around and if you search for it

on the internet you'll find that it does

seem pretty likely a candle flame will

be affected and surprisingly the effect

is pretty big check it out this is I

would think very surprising that you

know candle flames are pretty common and

so are magnets and you don't really need

a crazy strong electromagnet like this

you can use neodymium magnets and

there's a couple videos floating around

on the web showing this effect working

with just neodymium magnets the effect

is real and before we talk about what's

going on there let's put the Zeeman

effect to rest it almost seems like this

is kind of a death knell in that

experiment because obviously it's the

flame not the Zeeman effect that's doing

it so I got a chunk of sodium metal and

cut off a little piece and cleaned it as

well as I could and put it into a sealed

glass tube and connected it up to a

vacuum pump and then sealed the end of

the tube while it was still under vacuum

so hopefully I have a glass tube with

just sodium in it as expected if you

heat the tube up the sodium vaporizes

and will absorb light from a sodium lamp

if we hold it in front of the sodium

lamp you can see it turns dark in the

tube it's absorbing the light but if we

hold it in front of a white light that

doesn't absorb it or it's it's only

absorbing that one narrow sodium line so

most of the white light comes through

and it doesn't appear to be doing

anything now if we put it into the

magnetic field and turn the magnet off

and on the effect is super striking I

think it's pretty conclusive evidence

that this is in fact cement effect and

what's happening

is the magnetic field is shifting the

spectral absorption line of what's in

the tube but the lamp behind it is not

being shifted because it's not in the

magnetic field and so then the emission

and absorption lines don't line up

anymore and we get more light coming

through the whole system

you do need a pretty killer magnetic

field to pull this off I designed this

magnet to have a much larger volume and

a larger field strength in the previous

setup I was using so this one pulls

about close to 1.4 Tesla with even a 12

or 13 millimeter gap I'll cover the

construction and design details in my

next video which will be on magnetics I

know I said it was gonna be this video

but this is too interesting so let's go

back to the flame and see what is going

on here if you search the internet for

reasons why a flame would be repelled

from a magnetic field you'll find a

couple of theories here and there but

nothing conclusive so I set about coming

up with some of my own experiments to

try to figure this out

clearly the flame is repelled it's a

strong effect the next thing I tried is

just the smoke from a candle because one

of the theories is that the carbon in

the flame is actually what's diamagnetic

and being pushed away from the field and

we know that pyrolytic carbon or

graphite is the diamagnetic in fact you

can even levitate little chips of carbon

over a strong magnet so it makes sense

that the suit in a candle flame the

thing that's actually yellow is what's

being repelled okay so I tried it just

with the smoke and sure enough the smoke

is repelled very well by the magnetic

field so it started to look like case

closed it's like okay one or two

references on the web it's the carbon we

know carbons diamagnetic the smoke is

carbon and it's also being repelled so

next I wanted to test the flame itself

without the carbon so I got a metal

spoon and filled it up with a really

small amount of methanol and ignited it

so that there was a flame with very

little soot you can see it's burning

blue with almost no yellowness no soot

or excess carbon and actually it's

deflected by the magnetic field as well

pretty strong effect

about the same as the candle I'd say so

that kind of blows the theory of it

being specifically the carbon as we'll

find out it's actually multiple things

that cause the candle flame to be

deflected one of them is the carbon but

there's also something else that's

deflecting it after a little bit more

searching I started to think maybe it

had something to do with the gas content

so we know that the flame exhaust is

mostly carbon dioxide and carbon

monoxide and I also knew that oxygen gas

itself was paramagnetic in fact there's

a great demo where you take some liquid

oxygen and dump it on to a magnet and it

it's very clearly pulled towards the

magnet in fact it even supports itself

up in the air if you have two poles of a

magnet facing each other like this okay

so maybe you know carbon dioxide is

diamagnetic and that's actually what's

being pushed away so I set up a little

apparatus where I could have a gas

bubble between the poles of the magnet

and I was expecting to see the bubble

either become oblong away from the poles

or oblong towards the poles depending

whether the gas was paramagnetic or

diamagnetic relative to the air around

it remember when we're testing things

like this the air is all around us and

if it has magnetic properties then what

we're measuring is the magnetic

properties of what's in the bubble

relative to the air so anyway so I tried

it with almost every gas I had in here

oxygen argon co2 especially to see if

that was a you know combustion product

thing and I couldn't see any effect

whatsoever now I know that this set up

is probably not as sensitive as it could

be because I know if you blow a little

bubble of oxygen for example in a tray

of soap water you can actually push the

bubble around or pull it around with a

strong neodymium magnet however I think

this did show that even if we had a co2

gas stream going through the poles of

the magnet it's really not deflecting as

much as we saw with the candle flame or

the smoke or the methanol flame there's

something else still going on that is

causing this pretty major deflection I

searched a bit more

finally found a pretty good document

that proposed multiple theories for why

a candle flame is deflected and one of

them even though it sounds silly is just

that hot air is more diamagnetic than

cold air it almost sounds kind of you

know too obvious to be correct almost in

a way so I came up with one setup where

I had a hot-air gun

directing a hot air stream up through

the magnets and then I put a piece of

paper on top and used my thermal camera

to image sort of the pattern of hot air

being blown up through the magnets and

this setup did not work I think the air

stream had too much speed all by itself

so the next setup I came off with is

just to use a really powerful light bulb

to heat the air up it's not the light

doesn't matter it's literally just a

heater and the hot air stream rises nice

and smoothly through the magnets and

also heats up a piece of paper that I

have suspended up there and the pattern

is very stable I put up some wind blocks

around the experiment and shut the doors

and everything and with the magnets

being switched on and off you can see

that it actually does change the course

of the heated air

so I went back to the internet and tried

to find some references for hot air

being more diamagnetic than cold air and

found kind of a few things here and

there

to be honest I'm still not exactly sure

what this is it's possible that hot air

is less dense than cold air and

therefore there's less material in there

and maybe that's why it has different

magnetic properties I was thinking maybe

a way to test this would be to have like

an evacuated cylinder and then suspend

that between the magnets and turn the

magnet on and off and see if the

cylinder Orient's itself away from the

flux lines I didn't try that yet but

that sounds interesting and then of

course do the same thing with a an air

filled cylinder of the same construction

so anyway I thought this was a bunch of

interesting stuff and it's one of those

cases where you scratch the surface and

there's this whole weird story beneath

it and the more you dig the more you

uncover and it ends up being a pretty

interesting sort of story so in my next

video I'm gonna get more I'm gonna

promise I'll actually do the video on

magnetics and designing coils and

transformers and stuff now the problem

is that there's a lot of details

involved in putting that video together

and I'm not a true expert on magnetics

and so I'll probably get a few things

wrong and I'm trying to study up and try

to make it as accurate as possible okay

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