Glowing plasma created by a high speed jet of water-----make money online

today and Applied Science I'd like to

show you a really unusual phenomenon if

you take a plain glass microscope slide

and plain pure water and spray the water

in a stream onto the slide like this it

creates a glowing torus of plasma sounds

like an April Fool's joke but actually

it isn't check it out this is just a

really high speed jet of water impacting

a regular piece of glass and it's quite

a striking effect now to make this work

you need a pretty substantial jet of

water in a spray bottle like this when

you apply force here you're just pushing

on this little piston and the stream is

going maybe 10 centimeters a second or

something at best this is the setup that

I'm using to create the stream of water

that produces plasma and it's actually a

similar setup to the spray bottle

there's a piston here that's full of

water and the piping connects it up to

this pressure gage you've got a valve

here for control and then there's an

orifice here that's about a hundred

microns and the thing that we're using

to push on this piston full of water the

cylinder full of water is another

hydraulic cylinder that it's much larger

in diameter and I'm pressing on this

with this hydraulic power unit here so

the the bigger cylinder is rated up to

about 10,000 psi or 700 bar about but we

want a little bit more pressure to get a

high enough high enough speed jet of

water to get this plasma effect working

so by using a large diameter up here in

a smaller diameter down here we get more

pressure in this cylinder up to about a

thousand bar 15,000 psi the flow rate is

about two milliliters per second and

this gives us a speed of about 240

meters per second out the orifice of a

hundred micron so this is actually less

than the speed of sound and air even but

there's a substantial amount of energy

in this jet of water just to give it

some context I'm putting this little

sausage in the path of the water and you

can see it just slices right through it

so as in my previous videos you saw that

water jet cutting industrially as a

thing and even with just plain water

without abrasive you can cut soft

materials no problem just keep in mind

this hundred micron diameter jet of

water has probably close to 7 or 800

watts of

energy concentrated into it okay so what

is going on here I will link to the

academic paper that I originally found

on Hacker News which describes this or

at least proposes one theory for this I

should point out that there's not a

whole lot of study about this effect

it's not really well known you won't

find a whole lot about it so this is

basically just a guess at this point but

we do know that when water is in contact

with a lot of materials like glass there

will be a charge separation just because

of the electrochemical nature of this so

because of the Oh H groups in the glass

or whatever in h2o and the water the

water will assume a positive charge and

the glass will have a negative charge so

that's okay that this happens even when

nothing is moving the element that gets

weird here is when we have this extreme

change in direction of water you end up

with this tribal electric charging

effect so it's kind of like rubbing fur

on a comb or something like that the two

objects will get to be charged

differently just because of the way that

they're interacting with each other

normally we don't think of water is

something that would charge something

tribal electrically it's not like when

you're washing your hands you know you

feel a shock or something from the water

faucet but in these super extreme

conditions where the water is coming in

at two hundred and forty meters per

second and then in the space of you know

50 micron this the diameter here is less

than 100 micron when it hits the surface

it changes direction by 90 degrees in

the span of you know 20 micron or 50

micron that radius or something like

that so the extreme shears area here

somehow alters water to a point where it

becomes tribal electric it's basically

like rubbing cloth on a cone and then

the water carries this charge from the

surface of the glass up to the surface

of the water and as the water continues

out this extreme shear region is not

happening out here even though the water

is still moving quickly it's not as

extreme as in here and so you have sort

of negative charge over here on the

surface of the water and positive charge

over here and the potential difference

breaks down the air and creates a plasma

it's literally arcing through the air

and the folks that did this research

performed this experiment in a helium

environment and sure enough the plasma

changed color

helium plasma color instead of air color

which proved that the plasma itself was

actually being created in the air it

wasn't some effect of the glut of the

water in the glass when I was setting up

for this experiment the paper pointed

out that they used single crystal quartz

in addition to lithium niobate to test

this and when I was first getting

started I thought oh I I must need

access to these crazy materials and

thankfully a viewer sent in some lithium

niobate crystals which I'll show you

their performance in a minute I did not

get any single crystal quartz however I

do have fused quartz and then I started

testing everything else I had in the

shop plain old glass microscope slides

poly carbonate poly methyl methacrylate

acrylic the lithium niobate basically

every clear material I had that would

stand up to the force of the water jet

worked

I never not saw the plasma so I I don't

think that the interaction between the

glass and the water is necessarily

critical glass and polycarbonate are

pretty far away from each other on the

triboelectric series so it would seem to

me that if that was a factor here we

wouldn't see the effect so I don't know

there is something peculiar about water

though so I also tried the experiment

with oil and it didn't work at all not

surprising oil is a non-polar molecule

so it doesn't have this charging effect

like water would also I should point out

that this only works with pure water I

didn't test this myself but the

experimenters in the paper mentioned

that if there's salts in the water it

makes it conductive and then that

basically shorts out your circuit so the

only reason this works is because that

we have a potential difference between

here and here and the water between it

has to be an insulator even though it's

charged there's no current flowing

through this water because it is it's an

insulator but if you put a lot of salt

in there it would basically short this

out and you wouldn't get a plasma arc

the jet of water is really powerful and

destructive and every material that I

tested was damaged by just the jet of

pure water the one that stood up the

was the single crystal lithium niobate

and this one actually lasted for quite a

few trials but eventually I think was

damaged in the oil run this one is just

the plain microscope slide just

borosilicate glass

this one is polycarbonate and it has

this weird line on it because actually

my set if almost came apart and so at

the what the force of the water jet

basically started pushing the thing away

from itself and my camera almost took a

bath but it's weird how it instead of

fracturing like the other ones having

these pock marks this one just had a

very controlled looking cut this one is

the acrylic and this is fused quartz not

single crystal another thing you can

notice is that there appears to be a

charging effect so that once the plasma

is established it burns brightly for

maybe one or two seconds and then starts

getting dim however if I move the

substrate so that there's like a fresh

area exposed it gets brighter again and

so I'm pretty sure what's happening is

it's just depleting the charge in that

region of the substrate and then you

just don't get as bright of a plasma if

I could sustain the test long enough

without the material coming apart I kind

of think it would go out altogether but

I wasn't really able to do the the

experiment in one spot long enough the

orifice that actually creates the jet of

water is meant for water jet cutters

this is the smallest one that the

company sells four thousand inch or

about a hundred micron and it is in fact

a sapphire with this hundred micron hole

drilled in it you can just barely I mean

you can't really see the hole that you

might be able to see the Sapphire in

there it's actually cheaper than you

might think this is probably only about

fifteen dollars and the way that I

mounted it onto the system was I took a

coupler this is meant to couple to high

pressure shafts together it's like a

standard part and I drilled I cut it in

half and lathe the end down and then

drilled a hole in it such that the

backside of the orifice will slip into

here like this and then when I screw

this down this goes on the inside of

course and then when I screw this down

it forces the orifice onto the end of

the pipe and makes a seal unlike most

high pressure water systems the way that

mine works allows it to be used with any

fluid so I tested oil in my assistant

which was very difficult as the oil even

I chose a low viscosity will

but even then it was still very hard to

squeeze out of this hundred micron

orifice but there's I mean the sky's the

limit I was thinking of all kinds of

weird fluids that I could put in there

and shoot out if the jet for all kinds

of experiments not just this weird

plasma effect so let me know if you have

any suggestions for fluids to put in

there I was thinking along the lines of

weird non-newtonian things like maybe

shampoo or something would do weird

stuff one unforeseen problem is that the

oil atomized much much worse than the

water I mean the water produces a slight

cloud but the oil produced tiny droplets

even just running it for a few seconds

would fill up the whole shop with oil

mist the jet would just atomized and

create this huge annoying cloud and

cover everything including the camera

with oil dust so that was one downside

another funny problem was that these

hydraulic cylinders are only rated for

700 bar about 10,000 psi but I was

running this thing up to 15 or 20,000

and the thing that failed was the the

piston that comes out of the cylinder is

actually hollow so there's actually

fluid pressure inside that the piston

the shiny part that comes out and it

started to balloon very slightly so this

one has the diameter is the correct

diameter near the end where it's still

mostly solid but I couldn't slide this

collar down all the way to the bottom

like it should be because it actually

has expanded the diameter that metal

part by half a millimeter or something

like that so that's definitely the limit

I guess I was kind of doubling up on its

you know rated pressures so that's fair

I'll talk more about the setup itself in

a future video where hopefully we'll get

to much higher pressures and see some

other cool phenomenon okay see you next

time bye

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