Your toothbrush is worn-out!-----make money online

today on Applied Science I'd like to

show you a technique where i zoom in

from white microscope images to scanning

electron microscope images so let's pick

a everyday household object that you

might find surprising just your average

cheap house brand toothbrush here we're

looking at a section of the toothbrush

with a standard photographic macro lens

and then we're going to smoothly

transition to a microscope objective and

then also transition to the electron

microscope view and I made this

animation by moving the brush a small

amount in the electron microscope and

taking a frame and then animating this

whole thing in Adobe Premiere okay so so

far pretty cool but not surprising but

take a look at the same model toothbrush

after it's been used for a few months

whoa so I mean you probably knew that

toothpaste is abrasive but I'm kind of

surprised it's that abrasive as you can

see the bristles are completely worn

down the diameter is about 200 microns

for each bristle and this you know

toothbrushes at most three months old

since the toothpaste is so abrasive I

wanted to get a look at it with the

microscope as well so I decided to

prepare two samples in different ways

the first method I just took some

toothpaste and put it onto a piece of

glass and tried to dry it out in a

vacuum desiccator and this ended up not

working particularly well but it made

for some interesting footage so I took

it out of the vacuum desiccator and

coated it with silver using my

evaporative physical vapor deposition

system and I'll put links to all this

stuff in the description but basically

what's happening here is the lewd

there's a little metal basket inside the

vacuum chamber that's getting red-hot

and it's it's vaporizing silver metal

pure silver and the silver is coming up

encoding the surface of the object that

I've put into the bell jar and so the

purpose of all this is just to make the

subject conductive so that when the

scanning electron microscope looks at it

those electrons that are coming down and

hitting the surface actually hit

something conductive the silver so if

we're looking at something that's non

conductive like a toothbrush a

toothbrush bristle or a piece of

toothpaste the electrons would actually

get buried in the sample

we wouldn't get a very good image I

loaded the sample into the electron

microscope as normal and then set it up

to look at the image at low

magnification and as you can see at low

magnification everything was okay and I

could scroll around and look at the

sample but whenever I zoomed in the

concentration of the electron beam in

one small area caused it to start

bubbling very violently in fact so

what's going on here is the toothpaste

is a mix of water and some other things

glycerin I think maybe guar gum or

something like that - and it's formed

sort of a skin over the top so that

there's water trapped below the skin of

this thing and when you concentrate in

with the electron beam it's actually

either heating or sort of drilling a

little hole through that top layer and

causing the water to expand and bubble

out it could just be trapped gas - just

trapped air or something like that I

don't have a digital acquisition system

set up for real-time video yet but that

is in the works and so currently I'm

just capturing this video by pointing

the camera at the microscopes cathode

ray tube so it's you know fairly low

quality but once I get full control over

the raster scan generator in the

scanning electron microscope a lot

better quality Kulick video since the

first toothpaste sample didn't work I

tried again and this time put some

toothpaste into a test tube with some

distilled water and shook it vigorously

and my plan this time was to try to

dissolve everything that would dissolve

in water and what I should be left with

is the essentially the sand or whatever

the abrasive media that they put in

toothpaste since that's not soluble in

water it's very much like sand and so I

did a couple of water changes shaking

the test tube and just letting it settle

by gravity and after a few cycles of

only letting it settle for a few minutes

each I was left with a white substance

in the bottom of the test tube so I

scooped that out and put it on to the

same glass holder and this time dried it

with heat instead of in a vacuum

desiccator and then coated it with

silver just as before and then looked at

it with the salmon this is what it looks

like the particles are quite a bit

bigger than I expected it's about 20 to

30 micron and so that's the equivalent

of maybe six to eight hundred grit

sandpaper which is you know a fairly

coarse I mean you're putting

that stuff you saw what it did to the

toothbrush bristles and so you're

putting that on your teeth every day

that's pretty abrasive and if you're

stuck somewhere and you don't have

access to decent plastic polish or

anything you can actually use toothpaste

to clear up like fogged headlight lenses

you know plastic headlight lenses on a

car you know six to eight hundred won't

get you really decent optical clarity

but if your starting point is pretty

rough it will actually help you get you

know at least to about six hundred grit

equivalent I'm still working out the

kinks in my process to transition from

light microscope images to scanning

electron microscope images and so in

this case the brush that you're looking

at in the light microscope image where

the animation is started I actually had

to remove the silver coating because

first I did the scanning electron

microscope imagery and so I had a silver

coated toothbrush that looks like this

and then I had to since the scanning

electron microscope has such a small

field of view I had to sort of pick a

spot on the brush that looked good in

the SEM and then took this out and had

to remove the silver using nitric acid

and then did the light microscope

imaging using this attachment with the

microscope objectives screwed onto a

camera adapter and I'm pretty sure I

have a video about this which I'll put a

link to in the description also I had to

build this special holder for the

toothbrush since it's kind of a large

object to put in the SEM and I needed

the rotation to be kind of close to

where I was imaging so you can see the

bristles are here and if this thing

spins on its axis it was kind of more

like this so that as it spins on its

axis if we're imaging right in the

center here it doesn't move off whereas

if I just put this thing flat down the

tips of the bristles would be moving

quite a lot and it would be hard to fit

all that into the field of view of the

sound so I've started to accumulate a

large number of these customized holders

and then I can either hot glue down or

use some conductive carbon glue to glue

stuff down as you can see the silver

deposition is directional so the

underside of the brush has no silver on

it because it was glued down like this

and I put it into the deposition chamber

with the silver aiming upwards and as

you can see it's even coming off on my

thing

there I've been creating these

animations by taking still images from

the SEM and then creating little zoom

snippets in them and putting this in

Adobe Premiere even then using the

offset and zoom controls to sort of

align the front end of each clip to the

back end of the next and so on this is a

pretty time-consuming process and the

end result is actually not that smooth

so a couple viewers that know much more

about video editing than I do did a much

better version using Adobe After Effects

where they layered all of the images and

then smooth the edges out and in After

Effects you can have these incredible

zoom ratios where you go from you know

35 X with the scanning electron

microscope all the way up to a hundred

thousand X so let's take a look at that

right now this is a tungsten filament

from a very tiny light bulb and

presuming and super smooth because of

this better technique which I hope to

implement myself in the near future the

abrasive in this particular toothpaste

is die calcium phosphate dehydrate the

first ingredient or the first inactive

ingredient and in other toothpastes

sometimes baking soda is used and in

still others titanium oxide is used but

they basically all have the property

that they wear down the Tartar that may

collect on your teeth so the the plaque

is actually fairly soft and so the

purpose of the bristles is to just

remove the plaque and in fact the reason

that you have to change your toothbrush

after it you know wears out is mostly

because the the softness sort of the

bristles have become worn down where

they don't actually wipe away plaque as

effectively as they do when new so you

might think oh well that rough surface

on the bristles is just you know sloppy

manufacturing but no it's actually made

that way on purpose so that the bristles

are wiping away plaque in a much more

effective manner when they're smoothed

over they aren't as there aren't as many

surfaces on the surface of those

bristles to wipe away the plaque okay

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